KINDS OF JENRE
1. Hortatory Exposition
a.
The Definition Purpose
of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to
have the addressee do something or act in certain way.
a.
Generic
Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
b. Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
atau
HORTATORY
EXPOSITION
Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should
or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical
and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of "How
is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How should".
Analytical exposition will be best to describe "How will student do for
his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the
question" How should student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered
with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done
example
:
Charoga have been living in Chili for more 5
years and he has been a work in one private company, he also working in the
place that rounded with the high buildings.
The condition in the McCdarlus Street does not
like the buildings on that. Why he can things like that? Because in every
building corner still have people that have problem with the poverty and they
stay on it. Be sides that, the high building go away improving and their
existence more threatened.
Charoga understand, but his thing every
building stands up cannot forget about what happen for other people who in
there actually. Therefore, he suggest for the government have to take care to
them and regard of their statues. If this trouble can balance and walk in a
good manner, so nobody feel loosed with all of these phenomena.
2.
Anecdote Text
Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
a. Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda
b. Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
a. Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda
b. Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Atau
ANECDOTE
Purpose:
to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic
Structure:
1.
Abstract
2.
Orientation
3.
Crisis
4.
Reaction
5.
Coda.
Dominant
Language Features:
1.
Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2.
Using material process
3.
Using temporal conjunctions
Example:
Snake in the Bath
How would you like to find a snake in your bath?
A nasty one, too! We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so
long that everything was in terrible mess. Mia and I decided we would clean the
bath first, so we went to, and turned in the tap.
Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head
appeared in the plughole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He
twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at
us.
For an instant I stood there quite
paralyzed. Then I yelled for my uncle, who luckily came running and the killed
the snake with the handle of a broom. Mia, who was only three at the time, was quite
interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull
her out of the way or she does probably have leant over the bath to get a
better look.
We found out letter that it was a
black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had obviously been fast asleep,
curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water pipe. It must have had an awful
shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to the shock I got!
Ever since then I have always put the plug in firmly before running the bath
water.
3.
Recount Text
The Definition Purpose of
Recount
Recount
is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is
either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among
the participants and that differentiates from narrative
a. Generic
Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story
b. Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story
b. Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense
Example:
Visited the Cave
On the way of Ramadan last year, my family and
I visited a cave in West Sumatra, called the Ngalau cave. That was my first
time to visit the cave.
This cave is famous for bats
that live in it. The cave and its surroundings have been turned into tourism
attraction, so taken care of. We had to climb the stone stairs to get to the
cave because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop is a place
where some rocks forming a beautiful place. if we continued to explore the cave
we will to get a hole leading to the hills again, there pretty cool and stink
because a lot of dirty falling bats who abandoned without being cleaned.
Although that was my first
time to visit in the cave, I fill that was wonderful experience ever happen to
me
4. Spoof
Text
Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Example:
Woodpecker
in the
Circus
Woodpecker that has been long
in the zoo had gone out to find out about everything what can happen out there.
Finally he found a place that big, beautiful, and decorated by strange objects. Hi
you? A bear called him. He saw the bear and answered. Yes? Do you want to
become a member of our new circus because we are in need of a bird to play in
our show tomorrow night. Without thinking, he agreed and joined the members of
the circus.
Tonight the show will be begun and he saw so many animals that play in these performances. It's time some of the tiger playing their action with the position of a tiger under a large wood and the other tiger jumped on it. However, direct woodpecker said, why do you torture him? Before anyone answered her question her directly peck wood so that it split into two parts.
Tonight the show will be begun and he saw so many animals that play in these performances. It's time some of the tiger playing their action with the position of a tiger under a large wood and the other tiger jumped on it. However, direct woodpecker said, why do you torture him? Before anyone answered her question her directly peck wood so that it split into two parts.
5. Explanation
Text
Definition
and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
Generic structure of Explanation
General Statement ; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation ; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
Language Feature of Explanation
Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
Generic structure of Explanation
General Statement ; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation ; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
Language Feature of Explanation
Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense
Example:
Why
Does Bread Taste Sweeter When We Chew It?
We
often wonder why bread tastes sweeter when we chew it. Here is the explanation
how it can be.
In
human digestion, or the process of the breakdown of food, begins in the mouth.
Here, the food is chewed, mixed with saliva which is secreted by the salivary
glands and rolled into a ball. Saliva contains the enzyme ptyalin that acts
upon the starch in the food. The complex molecule of starch is broken and converted
into the simple sugar, maltose. Though starch is bland and tasteless, maltose
is slightly sweet in the taste. Our bread, made from cereals like wheat,
contains a lot of starch. When you chew it properly and for a long time, it is
exposed to ptyalin for a longer duration and more maltose is produced. As a
result, the bread tastes sweeter. So the longer we chew bread, the sweeter it
tastes ion out mouth.
6. Descriptive Text
The
Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense
Example:
My Pet
I have a pet. It is a dog, and I call it
brownish because the color is brownish yellow. It is a lovely pet me.
Brownish is a Chinese breed. It is small,
fluffy and cute. It has got thick brown fur. When I cuddled it, the furs feel
soft. Brownish does not like bones. Every day it eats soft food like steamed
rice, fish or bread. Every morning I give her milk and bread. When I am at
school, Brownish plays with my cat. They get along well, and never fight maybe
because Brownish does not bark a lot. It treats the other animals in our house
gently, and it never eats shoes. Brownish is really a sweet and friendly
animal.
7. Procedure Text
The Definition and Purpose of Procedure Text
Procedure
is a text that shows a process in order. Its social function is to describe how
something is completely done through a sequence of series
Generic Structure of Procedure
1.
Goal: showing the purpose
2.
Material: Telling the needed materials
3. Step
1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
Language Feature of Procedure
Using temporal conjunction
Using action verb
Using imperative sentence
Using Simple Present Tense
Example:
How to Make a Cheese Omelet
Ingredients:
1 egg, 50
g cheese, ¼ cup milk, 3 table spoons cooking oil, a pinch of salt and pepper.
Utensils:
Frying
pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate.
Methods:
1.
Carck
an egg into a bowl.
2.
Whisk the egg with a fork until it
is smooth.
3.
Add milk and whisk well.
4.
Grate the cheese into the bowl and
stir.
5.
Heat the oil in a frying pan.
6.
Pour the mixture into the frying
pan.
7.
Turn the omelet with a spatula
when it browns.
8.
Cook both sides.
9.
Place on a plate; season with salt
and pepper.
10.
Eat while warm.
8. Discussion
The Definition and Purpose of Discussion
Discussion is a text which presents a problematic
discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion
is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of
issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the
supporting point
Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand,
however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Example:
Pro and Contra of Abortion
As
we know that there has been a great deal of discussion on the problem of abortion
in this country and abroad. The discussion includes: is abortion legal or not?
But in this discussion I would like to talk from another side.
To
begin with, let me say that abortion is one of the methods of birth control.
Let’s see the fact about the population problem in a country. When a country
faces the problems of population explosion, the government should find methods
to solve it. But since no methods of contraception are one hundred percent effective
and successful, abortion becomes the only way out when prevention fails.
On
the other hand, abortion may cause many negative effects for women’s health.
Women risk their health and lives. The most common complications are inflammation,
infertility, and many other kinds of ovary illnesses.
So
far, abortion becomes a dilemma for countries with a large number a citizens.
On the other hand, it brings terrible consequences, especially for the women’s
health.
9. Report
Definition of Report
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as
a result of systematic observation and analysis
Generic Structure of Report
1. General classification: Stating
classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc
which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will
be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and
usage for materials
Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense
Example:
Telephone
A
telephone is a devise a device that transforms voices into electrical signals
so that people can communicate over long distances.
Telephones
have a number of parts. On the outside of the handset there is a mouthpiece, an
earpiece and a keypad. Inside the mouthpiece
is a microphone which contains a plastic disk called diaphragm. The earpiece
contains a loudspeaker.
There
are many different kinds of phones. Most home and office phones have keypads
and many are now portable. Mobile phones are not physically connected to a
network and can be used from almost anywhere. Videophones, which contain a
small TV camera, give a chance to see each other.
10.
News Item Text
Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Example:
Food
Shortage
Nearly
400 displaced East Timorese sheltering in West Timor have been forced on to eat
leaves for the past month as they cannot afford to buy rice, a government
official says.
The
government resettlement coordinator for Borneanak, Ali, said on Monday that 300
people from 72 families living in Borneanak, West Kupang, would starve if the
government did not provide immediate aid.
The
refugees have been forced to eat leaves of Kosambi, a plan the seed of which is
commonly used as traditional herb medicines, Ali was quoted by Antara as
saying.
He
said the East Nusa Tenggara administration had refused to provide the rice for
bureaucratic reasons. The person in charge of approving rice distribution was
in Jakarta while the Kupang social affairs office required approval before it
could send the rice.
The
local government had also rejected Ali’s request because the East Timorese
people in Boneanak were no longer considered refugees. The Indonesian
government stopped an official assistance to the refugees on August 31.
Ali said
the refugees had never received assistance from the provincial social affairs
office since they arrived in Boneanak on April 18.
11.
Analytical Exposition Text
Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
:
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
Language Features of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
Language Features of Analytical Exposition
- Using relational process
- Using internal conjunction
- Using causal conjunction
- Using Simple Present Tense
Example:
Style
Learning
The children can be boring in the class
and not consent with the learning because the style of learning has always they
get it. Therefore, teachers make new penetration where they have some method.
Firstly, teacher makes a way in the class
with games. Game is one off all way where the children can feel comfort to do
learning and then teacher be able to put materials of learning.
Secondly, teacher can bring them into a journey to the
wonderful place to do learning process, and the process contains a funny and
happiness that make them active. Then, when the happiness is walking teacher be
able to put the materials of learning.
From the reasons above we can conclude that to make
children understand about learning not only using seriously method in the class
but the teacher can make the other interesting method order the materials of
learning can be understand to them.
12. Narrative
The Definition and Purpose of Narrative
Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.Generic Structure of Narrative
A narrative text will consists of the following structure:
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time
and the place
2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants
have to do with
3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises,
better or worse
Language Features of Narrative
- Using processes verbs
- Using temporal conjunction
- Using Simple Past Tense
Example:
Party
in Lye
Cat
would come to visit the mouse who was celebrating her birthday. The distance
between the house cat and mouse far enough and she needs a long time to get to
place the party. Finally the cat arrived at the party event.
Whether you come here alone? Mouse asked. Yes, I
am alone. Cat replied. When the awaited event will begin mice confusion because
he lost his birthday cake which had been placed in his room and will soon is
issued as a sign that the show will start soon.
Mouse sad and feel that the show ruined his
birthday, than a cat comes to entertaining mouse is sad. But there was
something odd about the arrival of the cat. Whether you are spending my
birthday cake last? Mouse asked. No, why do you say that? What are you accusing
me of stealing your birthday cake? Cat asked again, but on beside your month any
cake rest and smelled it like my birthday cake!
Give a question with confidence. Cats quiet and did not say anything.
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